Buchwesen, p. 100), in the statements of Philo (preamble to his "Analysis of the Political Constitution of the Jews"), and in Josephus ( Contra Ap. This copy is mentioned in the Letter of Aristeas (§ 30 comp. The Talmud and Karaite manuscripts state that a standard copy of the Hebrew Bible was kept in the court of the Temple in Jerusalem for the benefit of copyists there were paid correctors of biblical books among the officers of the Temple (Talmud, tractate Ketubot 106a). The scribe was unusually sloppy, frequently missing punctuation, diacritical marks, and vowels he also erred in his consonantal spelling on dozens of occasions. In Codex Sassoon, 12 leaves are completely missing and hundreds more are partially lost. It is considered as old as the Aleppo Codex and a century older than the Leningrad Codex (1006).
This is a codex comprising all 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, dated to the 10th century. In 2022, Codex Sassoon (or Codex S1, M S1, Codex Sassoon 1053, or Safra JUD 002) resurfaced after almost 600 years of obscurity. However, codification of the base consonants appears to have begun earlier, perhaps even in the Second Temple period.
The Aleppo Codex, once the oldest-known complete copy but missing large sections since the 1947 Civil war in Palestine, dates from the 10th century. The oldest-known complete copy, the Leningrad Codex, dates from the early 11th century. The oldest manuscript fragments of the final Masoretic Text, including vocalications and the masorah, date from around the 9th century. "Mt" here denotes the Masoretic Text "LXX", the original Septuagint. The inter-relationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament (some identified by their sigla). Some Christian denominations instead prefer translations of the Septuagint as it matches quotations in the New Testament. After 1943, it has also been used for some Catholic Bibles, such as the New American Bible and the New Jerusalem Bible. The Masoretic Text is the basis for most Protestant translations of the Old Testament such as the King James Version, English Standard Version, New American Standard Version, and New International Version. Fragments of an ancient manuscript of the Book of Leviticus found near an ancient synagogue's Torah ark in Ein Gedi have identical wording to the Masoretic Text. The Septuagint (a Koine Greek translation made in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and the Peshitta (a Syriac translation made in the 2nd century CE) occasionally present notable differences from the Masoretic Text, as does the Samaritan Pentateuch, the text of the Torah preserved by the Samaritans in Samaritan Hebrew. The Dead Sea Scrolls, dating to as early as the 3rd century BCE, contain versions of the text that are radically different from today's Hebrew Bible. Which is closest to a theoretical Urtext is disputed, as is whether such a singular text ever existed.
The differences attested to in the Dead Sea Scrolls indicate that multiple versions of the Hebrew scriptures already existed by the end of the Second Temple period. The oldest known complete copy, the Leningrad Codex, dates from the early 11th century CE. It was primarily copied, edited and distributed by a group of Jews known as the Masoretes between the 7th and 10th centuries of the Common Era (CE). Referring to the Masoretic Text, masorah specifically means the diacritic markings of the text of the Hebrew scriptures and the concise marginal notes in manuscripts (and later printings) of the Tanakh which note textual details, usually about the precise spelling of words. The Masoretic Text defines the Jewish canon and its precise letter-text, with its vocalization and accentuation known as the mas'sora. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism.
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